The Ruby Programming Language
Short summary: The Ruby Programming Language: Draft 2007-11-01. by David Flanagan and ... More Ruby Tutorials .13. 1.2.6. Ruby Resources .13. 1.3. About This Book .14. 1.4. ...
Long summary: The Ruby Programming Language Draft 2007-11-01 David Flanagan Yukihiro Matsumoto The Ruby Programming Language: Draft 2007-11-01 by David Flanagan and Yukihiro Matsumoto Copyright © 2007 OReilly Media Inc. All Rights Reserved. This is an unpublished draft for review purposes only. Please do not make or distribute copies. Table of Contents About This Book . xvii 1. Introduction . 1 1.1. A Tour of Ruby . 1 1.1.1. Ruby is Object-Oriented . 1 1.1.2. Blocks and Iterators . 2 1.1.3. Expressions and Operators in Ruby . 4 1.1.4. Methods . 5 1.1.5. Assignment . 5 1.1.6. Punctuation Sufxes and Prexes . 6 1.1.7. Regexp and Range . 6 1.1.8. Classes and Modules . 7 1.1.9. Ruby Surprises . 10 1.2. Try Ruby . 10 1.2.1. The Ruby Interpreter . 10 1.2.2. Displaying Output . 12 1.2.3. Interactive Ruby with irb . 12 1.2.4. Viewing Ruby Documentation with ri . 13 1.2.5. More Ruby Tutorials . 13 1.2.6. Ruby Resources . 13 1.3. About This Book . 14 1.4. A Sudoku Solver in Ruby . 15 2. The Structure and Execution of Ruby Programs . 23 2.1. Lexical Structure . 23 2.1.1. Comments . 23 2.1.2. Literals . 25 2.1.3. Punctuation . 26 2.1.4. Identiers . 26 2.1.5. Keywords . 27 2.1.6. White Space . 28 2.1.7. Characters and Encodings . 30 2.2. Syntactic Structure . 32 2.2.1. Block Structure in Ruby . 34 2.3. File Structure . 35 2.4. Program Execution . 35 3. Datatypes and Objects . 37 3.1. Numbers . 37 3.1.1. Integer Literals . 38 3.1.2. Floating-Point Literals . 38 3.1.3. Arithmetic in Ruby . 39 3.1.4. Binary Floating-Point and Rounding Errors . 40 3.2. Text . 41 3.2.1. String Literals . 42 3.2.2. Character Literals . 49 3.2.3. String Operators . 49 iii 3.2.4. Accessing Characters and Substrings . 51 3.2.5. Iterating Strings . 53 3.3. Arrays . 53 3.4. Hashes . 56 3.4.1. Hash Literals . 57 3.4.2. Hash Codes, Equality, and Mutable Keys . 57 3.5. Ranges . 58 3.5.1. Testing Membership in a Range . 59 3.6. Symbols . 60 3.7. True, False, and Nil . 62 3.8. Objects . 62 3.8.1. Object References . 62 3.8.2. Object Lifetime . 63 3.8.3. Object Identity . 64 3.8.4. Object Class and Object Type . 64 3.8.5. Object Equality . 66 3.8.6. Object Order . 68 3.8.7. Object Conversion . 69 3.8.8. Copying Objects . 72 3.8.9. Marshaling Objects . 73 3.8.10. Freezing Objects . 73 3.8.11. Tainting Objects . 74 4. Expressions and Operators . 75 4.1. Literals and Keyword Literals . 75 4.2. Variable References . 76 4.2.1. Uninitialized Variables . 76 4.3. Constant References . 77 4.4. Method Invocations . 79 4.5. Assignments . 81 4.5.1. Assigning to Variables . 83 4.5.2. Assigning to Constants . 83 4.5.3. Assigning to Attributes and Array Elements . 84 4.5.4. Abbreviated Assignment . 85 4.5.5. Parallel Assignment . 87 4.6. Operators . 90 4.6.1. Unary + and . 93 4.6.2. Exponentiation: ** . 93 4.6.3. Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, and % . 93 4.6.4. Shift and Append: << and >> . 94 4.6.5. Complement, Union, Intersection: , &, , and . 94 4.6.6. Comparison: <, <=, >, >=, and <=> ...
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